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/**
 * User API: WP_User_Query class
 *
 * @package WordPress
 * @subpackage Users
 * @since 4.4.0
 */

/**
 * Core class used for querying users.
 *
 * @since 3.1.0
 *
 * @see WP_User_Query::prepare_query() for information on accepted arguments.
 */
#[AllowDynamicProperties]
class WP_User_Query {

	/**
	 * Query vars, after parsing
	 *
	 * @since 3.5.0
	 * @var array
	 */
	public $query_vars = array();

	/**
	 * List of found user IDs.
	 *
	 * @since 3.1.0
	 * @var array
	 */
	private $results;

	/**
	 * Total number of found users for the current query
	 *
	 * @since 3.1.0
	 * @var int
	 */
	private $total_users = 0;

	/**
	 * Metadata query container.
	 *
	 * @since 4.2.0
	 * @var WP_Meta_Query
	 */
	public $meta_query = false;

	/**
	 * The SQL query used to fetch matching users.
	 *
	 * @since 4.4.0
	 * @var string
	 */
	public $request;

	private $compat_fields = array( 'results', 'total_users' );

	// SQL clauses.
	public $query_fields;
	public $query_from;
	public $query_where;
	public $query_orderby;
	public $query_limit;

	/**
	 * PHP5 constructor.
	 *
	 * @since 3.1.0
	 *
	 * @param null|string|array $query Optional. The query variables.
	 */
	public function __construct( $query = null ) {
		if ( ! empty( $query ) ) {
			$this-&gt;prepare_query( $query );
			$this-&gt;query();
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Fills in missing query variables with default values.
	 *
	 * @since 4.4.0
	 *
	 * @param array $args Query vars, as passed to `WP_User_Query`.
	 * @return array Complete query variables with undefined ones filled in with defaults.
	 */
	public static function fill_query_vars( $args ) {
		$defaults = array(
			'blog_id'             =&gt; get_current_blog_id(),
			'role'                =&gt; '',
			'role__in'            =&gt; array(),
			'role__not_in'        =&gt; array(),
			'capability'          =&gt; '',
			'capability__in'      =&gt; array(),
			'capability__not_in'  =&gt; array(),
			'meta_key'            =&gt; '',
			'meta_value'          =&gt; '',
			'meta_compare'        =&gt; '',
			'include'             =&gt; array(),
			'exclude'             =&gt; array(),
			'search'              =&gt; '',
			'search_columns'      =&gt; array(),
			'orderby'             =&gt; 'login',
			'order'               =&gt; 'ASC',
			'offset'              =&gt; '',
			'number'              =&gt; '',
			'paged'               =&gt; 1,
			'count_total'         =&gt; true,
			'fields'              =&gt; 'all',
			'who'                 =&gt; '',
			'has_published_posts' =&gt; null,
			'nicename'            =&gt; '',
			'nicename__in'        =&gt; array(),
			'nicename__not_in'    =&gt; array(),
			'login'               =&gt; '',
			'login__in'           =&gt; array(),
			'login__not_in'       =&gt; array(),
		);

		return wp_parse_args( $args, $defaults );
	}

	/**
	 * Prepares the query variables.
	 *
	 * @since 3.1.0
	 * @since 4.1.0 Added the ability to order by the `include` value.
	 * @since 4.2.0 Added 'meta_value_num' support for `$orderby` parameter. Added multi-dimensional array syntax
	 *              for `$orderby` parameter.
	 * @since 4.3.0 Added 'has_published_posts' parameter.
	 * @since 4.4.0 Added 'paged', 'role__in', and 'role__not_in' parameters. The 'role' parameter was updated to
	 *              permit an array or comma-separated list of values. The 'number' parameter was updated to support
	 *              querying for all users with using -1.
	 * @since 4.7.0 Added 'nicename', 'nicename__in', 'nicename__not_in', 'login', 'login__in',
	 *              and 'login__not_in' parameters.
	 * @since 5.1.0 Introduced the 'meta_compare_key' parameter.
	 * @since 5.3.0 Introduced the 'meta_type_key' parameter.
	 * @since 5.9.0 Added 'capability', 'capability__in', and 'capability__not_in' parameters.
	 *
	 * @global wpdb     $wpdb     WordPress database abstraction object.
	 * @global WP_Roles $wp_roles WordPress role management object.
	 *
	 * @param string|array $query {
	 *     Optional. Array or string of Query parameters.
	 *
	 *     @type int             $blog_id             The site ID. Default is the current site.
	 *     @type string|string[] $role                An array or a comma-separated list of role names that users must match
	 *                                                to be included in results. Note that this is an inclusive list: users
	 *                                                must match *each* role. Default empty.
	 *     @type string[]        $role__in            An array of role names. Matched users must have at least one of these
	 *                                                roles. Default empty array.
	 *     @type string[]        $role__not_in        An array of role names to exclude. Users matching one or more of these
	 *                                                roles will not be included in results. Default empty array.
	 *     @type string|string[] $meta_key            Meta key or keys to filter by.
	 *     @type string|string[] $meta_value          Meta value or values to filter by.
	 *     @type string          $meta_compare        MySQL operator used for comparing the meta value.
	 *                                                See WP_Meta_Query::__construct() for accepted values and default value.
	 *     @type string          $meta_compare_key    MySQL operator used for comparing the meta key.
	 *                                                See WP_Meta_Query::__construct() for accepted values and default value.
	 *     @type string          $meta_type           MySQL data type that the meta_value column will be CAST to for comparisons.
	 *                                                See WP_Meta_Query::__construct() for accepted values and default value.
	 *     @type string          $meta_type_key       MySQL data type that the meta_key column will be CAST to for comparisons.
	 *                                                See WP_Meta_Query::__construct() for accepted values and default value.
	 *     @type array           $meta_query          An associative array of WP_Meta_Query arguments.
	 *                                                See WP_Meta_Query::__construct() for accepted values.
	 *     @type string|string[] $capability          An array or a comma-separated list of capability names that users must match
	 *                                                to be included in results. Note that this is an inclusive list: users
	 *                                                must match *each* capability.
	 *                                                Does NOT work for capabilities not in the database or filtered via {@see 'map_meta_cap'}.
	 *                                                Default empty.
	 *     @type string[]        $capability__in      An array of capability names. Matched users must have at least one of these
	 *                                                capabilities.
	 *                                                Does NOT work for capabilities not in the database or filtered via {@see 'map_meta_cap'}.
	 *                                                Default empty array.
	 *     @type string[]        $capability__not_in  An array of capability names to exclude. Users matching one or more of these
	 *                                                capabilities will not be included in results.
	 *                                                Does NOT work for capabilities not in the database or filtered via {@see 'map_meta_cap'}.
	 *                                                Default empty array.
	 *     @type int[]           $include             An array of user IDs to include. Default empty array.
	 *     @type int[]           $exclude             An array of user IDs to exclude. Default empty array.
	 *     @type string          $search              Search keyword. Searches for possible string matches on columns.
	 *                                                When `$search_columns` is left empty, it tries to determine which
	 *                                                column to search in based on search string. Default empty.
	 *     @type string[]        $search_columns      Array of column names to be searched. Accepts 'ID', 'user_login',
	 *                                                'user_email', 'user_url', 'user_nicename', 'display_name'.
	 *                                                Default empty array.
	 *     @type string|array    $orderby             Field(s) to sort the retrieved users by. May be a single value,
	 *                                                an array of values, or a multi-dimensional array with fields as
	 *                                                keys and orders ('ASC' or 'DESC') as values. Accepted values are:
	 *                                                - 'ID'
	 *                                                - 'display_name' (or 'name')
	 *                                                - 'include'
	 *                                                - 'user_login' (or 'login')
	 *                                                - 'login__in'
	 *                                                - 'user_nicename' (or 'nicename'),
	 *                                                - 'nicename__in'
	 *                                                - 'user_email (or 'email')
	 *                                                - 'user_url' (or 'url'),
	 *                                                - 'user_registered' (or 'registered')
	 *                                                - 'post_count'
	 *                                                - 'meta_value',
	 *                                                - 'meta_value_num'
	 *                                                - The value of `$meta_key`
	 *                                                - An array key of `$meta_query`
	 *                                                To use 'meta_value' or 'meta_value_num', `$meta_key`
	 *                                                must be also be defined. Default 'user_login'.
	 *     @type string          $order               Designates ascending or descending order of users. Order values
	 *                                                passed as part of an `$orderby` array take precedence over this
	 *                                                parameter. Accepts 'ASC', 'DESC'. Default 'ASC'.
	 *     @type int             $offset              Number of users to offset in retrieved results. Can be used in
	 *                                                conjunction with pagination. Default 0.
	 *     @type int             $number              Number of users to limit the query for. Can be used in
	 *                                                conjunction with pagination. Value -1 (all) is supported, but
	 *                                                should be used with caution on larger sites.
	 *                                                Default -1 (all users).
	 *     @type int             $paged               When used with number, defines the page of results to return.
	 *                                                Default 1.
	 *     @type bool            $count_total         Whether to count the total number of users found. If pagination
	 *                                                is not needed, setting this to false can improve performance.
	 *                                                Default true.
	 *     @type string|string[] $fields              Which fields to return. Single or all fields (string), or array
	 *                                                of fields. Accepts:
	 *                                                - 'ID'
	 *                                                - 'display_name'
	 *                                                - 'user_login'
	 *                                                - 'user_nicename'
	 *                                                - 'user_email'
	 *                                                - 'user_url'
	 *                                                - 'user_registered'
	 *                                                - 'user_pass'
	 *                                                - 'user_activation_key'
	 *                                                - 'user_status'
	 *                                                - 'spam' (only available on multisite installs)
	 *                                                - 'deleted' (only available on multisite installs)
	 *                                                - 'all' for all fields and loads user meta.
	 *                                                - 'all_with_meta' Deprecated. Use 'all'.
	 *                                                Default 'all'.
	 *     @type string          $who                 Type of users to query. Accepts 'authors'.
	 *                                                Default empty (all users).
	 *     @type bool|string[]   $has_published_posts Pass an array of post types to filter results to users who have
	 *                                                published posts in those post types. `true` is an alias for all
	 *                                                public post types.
	 *     @type string          $nicename            The user nicename. Default empty.
	 *     @type string[]        $nicename__in        An array of nicenames to include. Users matching one of these
	 *                                                nicenames will be included in results. Default empty array.
	 *     @type string[]        $nicename__not_in    An array of nicenames to exclude. Users matching one of these
	 *                                                nicenames will not be included in results. Default empty array.
	 *     @type string          $login               The user login. Default empty.
	 *     @type string[]        $login__in           An array of logins to include. Users matching one of these
	 *                                                logins will be included in results. Default empty array.
	 *     @type string[]        $login__not_in       An array of logins to exclude. Users matching one of these
	 *                                                logins will not be included in results. Default empty array.
	 * }
	 */
	public function prepare_query( $query = array() ) {
		global $wpdb, $wp_roles;

		if ( empty( $this-&gt;query_vars ) || ! empty( $query ) ) {
			$this-&gt;query_limit = null;
			$this-&gt;query_vars  = $this-&gt;fill_query_vars( $query );
		}

		/**
		 * Fires before the WP_User_Query has been parsed.
		 *
		 * The passed WP_User_Query object contains the query variables,
		 * not yet passed into SQL.
		 *
		 * @since 4.0.0
		 *
		 * @param WP_User_Query $query Current instance of WP_User_Query (passed by reference).
		 */
		do_action_ref_array( 'pre_get_users', array( &amp;$this ) );

		// Ensure that query vars are filled after 'pre_get_users'.
		$qv =&amp; $this-&gt;query_vars;
		$qv = $this-&gt;fill_query_vars( $qv );

		$allowed_fields = array(
			'id',
			'user_login',
			'user_pass',
			'user_nicename',
			'user_email',
			'user_url',
			'user_registered',
			'user_activation_key',
			'user_status',
			'display_name',
		);
		if ( is_multisite() ) {
			$allowed_fields[] = 'spam';
			$allowed_fields[] = 'deleted';
		}

		if ( is_array( $qv['fields'] ) ) {
			$qv['fields'] = array_map( 'strtolower', $qv['fields'] );
			$qv['fields'] = array_intersect( array_unique( $qv['fields'] ), $allowed_fields );

			if ( empty( $qv['fields'] ) ) {
				$qv['fields'] = array( 'id' );
			}

			$this-&gt;query_fields = array();
			foreach ( $qv['fields'] as $field ) {
				$field                = 'id' === $field ? 'ID' : sanitize_key( $field );
				$this-&gt;query_fields[] = &quot;$wpdb-&gt;users.$field&quot;;
			}
			$this-&gt;query_fields = implode( ',', $this-&gt;query_fields );
		} elseif ( 'all_with_meta' === $qv['fields'] || 'all' === $qv['fields'] || ! in_array( $qv['fields'], $allowed_fields, true ) ) {
			$this-&gt;query_fields = &quot;$wpdb-&gt;users.ID&quot;;
		} else {
			$field              = 'id' === strtolower( $qv['fields'] ) ? 'ID' : sanitize_key( $qv['fields'] );
			$this-&gt;query_fields = &quot;$wpdb-&gt;users.$field&quot;;
		}

		if ( isset( $qv['count_total'] ) &amp;&amp; $qv['count_total'] ) {
			$this-&gt;query_fields = 'SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS ' . $this-&gt;query_fields;
		}

		$this-&gt;query_from  = &quot;FROM $wpdb-&gt;users&quot;;
		$this-&gt;query_where = 'WHERE 1=1';

		// Parse and sanitize 'include', for use by 'orderby' as well as 'include' below.
		if ( ! empty( $qv['include'] ) ) {
			$include = wp_parse_id_list( $qv['include'] );
		} else {
			$include = false;
		}

		$blog_id = 0;
		if ( isset( $qv['blog_id'] ) ) {
			$blog_id = absint( $qv['blog_id'] );
		}

		if ( $qv['has_published_posts'] &amp;&amp; $blog_id ) {
			if ( true === $qv['has_published_posts'] ) {
				$post_types = get_post_types( array( 'public' =&gt; true ) );
			} else {
				$post_types = (array) $qv['has_published_posts'];
			}

			foreach ( $post_types as &amp;$post_type ) {
				$post_type = $wpdb-&gt;prepare( '%s', $post_type );
			}

			$posts_table        = $wpdb-&gt;get_blog_prefix( $blog_id ) . 'posts';
			$this-&gt;query_where .= &quot; AND $wpdb-&gt;users.ID IN ( SELECT DISTINCT $posts_table.post_author FROM $posts_table WHERE $posts_table.post_status = 'publish' AND $posts_table.post_type IN ( &quot; . implode( ', ', $post_types ) . ' ) )';
		}

		// nicename
		if ( '' !== $qv['nicename'] ) {
			$this-&gt;query_where .= $wpdb-&gt;prepare( ' AND user_nicename = %s', $qv['nicename'] );
		}

		if ( ! empty( $qv['nicename__in'] ) ) {
			$sanitized_nicename__in = array_map( 'esc_sql', $qv['nicename__in'] );
			$nicename__in           = implode( &quot;','&quot;, $sanitized_nicename__in );
			$this-&gt;query_where     .= &quot; AND user_nicename IN ( '$nicename__in' )&quot;;
		}

		if ( ! empty( $qv['nicename__not_in'] ) ) {
			$sanitized_nicename__not_in = array_map( 'esc_sql', $qv['nicename__not_in'] );
			$nicename__not_in           = implode( &quot;','&quot;, $sanitized_nicename__not_in );
			$this-&gt;query_where         .= &quot; AND user_nicename NOT IN ( '$nicename__not_in' )&quot;;
		}

		// login
		if ( '' !== $qv['login'] ) {
			$this-&gt;query_where .= $wpdb-&gt;prepare( ' AND user_login = %s', $qv['login'] );
		}

		if ( ! empty( $qv['login__in'] ) ) {
			$sanitized_login__in = array_map( 'esc_sql', $qv['login__in'] );
			$login__in           = implode( &quot;','&quot;, $sanitized_login__in );
			$this-&gt;query_where  .= &quot; AND user_login IN ( '$login__in' )&quot;;
		}

		if ( ! empty( $qv['login__not_in'] ) ) {
			$sanitized_login__not_in = array_map( 'esc_sql', $qv['login__not_in'] );
			$login__not_in           = implode( &quot;','&quot;, $sanitized_login__not_in );
			$this-&gt;query_where      .= &quot; AND user_login NOT IN ( '$login__not_in' )&quot;;
		}

		// Meta query.
		$this-&gt;meta_query = new WP_Meta_Query();
		$this-&gt;meta_query-&gt;parse_query_vars( $qv );

		if ( isset( $qv['who'] ) &amp;&amp; 'authors' === $qv['who'] &amp;&amp; $blog_id ) {
			_deprecated_argument(
				'WP_User_Query',
				'5.9.0',
				sprintf(
					/* translators: 1: who, 2: capability */
					__( '%1$s is deprecated. Use %2$s instead.' ),
					'&lt;code&gt;who&lt;/code&gt;',
					'&lt;code&gt;capability&lt;/code&gt;'
				)
			);

			$who_query = array(
				'key'     =&gt; $wpdb-&gt;get_blog_prefix( $blog_id ) . 'user_level',
				'value'   =&gt; 0,
				'compare' =&gt; '!=',
			);

			// Prevent extra meta query.
			$qv['blog_id'] = 0;
			$blog_id       = 0;

			if ( empty( $this-&gt;meta_query-&gt;queries ) ) {
				$this-&gt;meta_query-&gt;queries = array( $who_query );
			} else {
				// Append the cap query to the original queries and reparse the query.
				$this-&gt;meta_query-&gt;queries = array(
					'relation' =&gt; 'AND',
					array( $this-&gt;meta_query-&gt;queries, $who_query ),
				);
			}

			$this-&gt;meta_query-&gt;parse_query_vars( $this-&gt;meta_query-&gt;queries );
		}

		// Roles.
		$roles = array();
		if ( isset( $qv['role'] ) ) {
			if ( is_array( $qv['role'] ) ) {
				$roles = $qv['role'];
			} elseif ( is_string( $qv['role'] ) &amp;&amp; ! empty( $qv['role'] ) ) {
				$roles = array_map( 'trim', explode( ',', $qv['role'] ) );
			}
		}

		$role__in = array();
		if ( isset( $qv['role__in'] ) ) {
			$role__in = (array) $qv['role__in'];
		}

		$role__not_in = array();
		if ( isset( $qv['role__not_in'] ) ) {
			$role__not_in = (array) $qv['role__not_in'];
		}

		// Capabilities.
		$available_roles = array();

		if ( ! empty( $qv['capability'] ) || ! empty( $qv['capability__in'] ) || ! empty( $qv['capability__not_in'] ) ) {
			$wp_roles-&gt;for_site( $blog_id );
			$available_roles = $wp_roles-&gt;roles;
		}

		$capabilities = array();
		if ( ! empty( $qv['capability'] ) ) {
			if ( is_array( $qv['capability'] ) ) {
				$capabilities = $qv['capability'];
			} elseif ( is_string( $qv['capability'] ) ) {
				$capabilities = array_map( 'trim', explode( ',', $qv['capability'] ) );
			}
		}

		$capability__in = array();
		if ( ! empty( $qv['capability__in'] ) ) {
			$capability__in = (array) $qv['capability__in'];
		}

		$capability__not_in = array();
		if ( ! empty( $qv['capability__not_in'] ) ) {
			$capability__not_in = (array) $qv['capability__not_in'];
		}

		// Keep track of all capabilities and the roles they're added on.
		$caps_with_roles = array();

		foreach ( $available_roles as $role =&gt; $role_data ) {
			$role_caps = array_keys( array_filter( $role_data['capabilities'] ) );

			foreach ( $capabilities as $cap ) {
				if ( in_array( $cap, $role_caps, true ) ) {
					$caps_with_roles[ $cap ][] = $role;
					break;
				}
			}

			foreach ( $capability__in as $cap ) {
				if ( in_array( $cap, $role_caps, true ) ) {
					$role__in[] = $role;
					break;
				}
			}

			foreach ( $capability__not_in as $cap ) {
				if ( in_array( $cap, $role_caps, true ) ) {
					$role__not_in[] = $role;
					break;
				}
			}
		}

		$role__in     = array_merge( $role__in, $capability__in );
		$role__not_in = array_merge( $role__not_in, $capability__not_in );

		$roles        = array_unique( $roles );
		$role__in     = array_unique( $role__in );
		$role__not_in = array_unique( $role__not_in );

		// Support querying by capabilities added directly to users.
		if ( $blog_id &amp;&amp; ! empty( $capabilities ) ) {
			$capabilities_clauses = array( 'relation' =&gt; 'AND' );

			foreach ( $capabilities as $cap ) {
				$clause = array( 'relation' =&gt; 'OR' );

				$clause[] = array(
					'key'     =&gt; $wpdb-&gt;get_blog_prefix( $blog_id ) . 'capabilities',
					'value'   =&gt; '&quot;' . $cap . '&quot;',
					'compare' =&gt; 'LIKE',
				);

				if ( ! empty( $caps_with_roles[ $cap ] ) ) {
					foreach ( $caps_with_roles[ $cap ] as $role ) {
						$clause[] = array(
							'key'     =&gt; $wpdb-&gt;get_blog_prefix( $blog_id ) . 'capabilities',
							'value'   =&gt; '&quot;' . $role . '&quot;',
							'compare' =&gt; 'LIKE',
						);
					}
				}

				$capabilities_clauses[] = $clause;
			}

			$role_queries[] = $capabilities_clauses;

			if ( empty( $this-&gt;meta_query-&gt;queries ) ) {
				$this-&gt;meta_query-&gt;queries[] = $capabilities_clauses;
			} else {
				// Append the cap query to the original queries and reparse the query.
				$this-&gt;meta_query-&gt;queries = array(
					'relation' =&gt; 'AND',
					array( $this-&gt;meta_query-&gt;queries, array( $capabilities_clauses ) ),
				);
			}

			$this-&gt;meta_query-&gt;parse_query_vars( $this-&gt;meta_query-&gt;queries );
		}

		if ( $blog_id &amp;&amp; ( ! empty( $roles ) || ! empty( $role__in ) || ! empty( $role__not_in ) || is_multisite() ) ) {
			$role_queries = array();

			$roles_clauses = array( 'relation' =&gt; 'AND' );
			if ( ! empty( $roles ) ) {
				foreach ( $roles as $role ) {
					$roles_clauses[] = array(
						'key'     =&gt; $wpdb-&gt;get_blog_prefix( $blog_id ) . 'capabilities',
						'value'   =&gt; '&quot;' . $role . '&quot;',
						'compare' =&gt; 'LIKE',
					);
				}

				$role_queries[] = $roles_clauses;
			}

			$role__in_clauses = array( 'relation' =&gt; 'OR' );
			if ( ! empty( $role__in ) ) {
				foreach ( $role__in as $role ) {
					$role__in_clauses[] = array(
						'key'     =&gt; $wpdb-&gt;get_blog_prefix( $blog_id ) . 'capabilities',
						'value'   =&gt; '&quot;' . $role . '&quot;',
						'compare' =&gt; 'LIKE',
					);
				}

				$role_queries[] = $role__in_clauses;
			}

			$role__not_in_clauses = array( 'relation' =&gt; 'AND' );
			if ( ! empty( $role__not_in ) ) {
				foreach ( $role__not_in as $role ) {
					$role__not_in_clauses[] = array(
						'key'     =&gt; $wpdb-&gt;get_blog_prefix( $blog_id ) . 'capabilities',
						'value'   =&gt; '&quot;' . $role . '&quot;',
						'compare' =&gt; 'NOT LIKE',
					);
				}

				$role_queries[] = $role__not_in_clauses;
			}

			// If there are no specific roles named, make sure the user is a member of the site.
			if ( empty( $role_queries ) ) {
				$role_queries[] = array(
					'key'     =&gt; $wpdb-&gt;get_blog_prefix( $blog_id ) . 'capabilities',
					'compare' =&gt; 'EXISTS',
				);
			}

			// Specify that role queries should be joined with AND.
			$role_queries['relation'] = 'AND';

			if ( empty( $this-&gt;meta_query-&gt;queries ) ) {
				$this-&gt;meta_query-&gt;queries = $role_queries;
			} else {
				// Append the cap query to the original queries and reparse the query.
				$this-&gt;meta_query-&gt;queries = array(
					'relation' =&gt; 'AND',
					array( $this-&gt;meta_query-&gt;queries, $role_queries ),
				);
			}

			$this-&gt;meta_query-&gt;parse_query_vars( $this-&gt;meta_query-&gt;queries );
		}

		if ( ! empty( $this-&gt;meta_query-&gt;queries ) ) {
			$clauses            = $this-&gt;meta_query-&gt;get_sql( 'user', $wpdb-&gt;users, 'ID', $this );
			$this-&gt;query_from  .= $clauses['join'];
			$this-&gt;query_where .= $clauses['where'];

			if ( $this-&gt;meta_query-&gt;has_or_relation() ) {
				$this-&gt;query_fields = 'DISTINCT ' . $this-&gt;query_fields;
			}
		}

		// Sorting.
		$qv['order'] = isset( $qv['order'] ) ? strtoupper( $qv['order'] ) : '';
		$order       = $this-&gt;parse_order( $qv['order'] );

		if ( empty( $qv['orderby'] ) ) {
			// Default order is by 'user_login'.
			$ordersby = array( 'user_login' =&gt; $order );
		} elseif ( is_array( $qv['orderby'] ) ) {
			$ordersby = $qv['orderby'];
		} else {
			// 'orderby' values may be a comma- or space-separated list.
			$ordersby = preg_split( '/[,\s]+/', $qv['orderby'] );
		}

		$orderby_array = array();
		foreach ( $ordersby as $_key =&gt; $_value ) {
			if ( ! $_value ) {
				continue;
			}

			if ( is_int( $_key ) ) {
				// Integer key means this is a flat array of 'orderby' fields.
				$_orderby = $_value;
				$_order   = $order;
			} else {
				// Non-integer key means this the key is the field and the value is ASC/DESC.
				$_orderby = $_key;
				$_order   = $_value;
			}

			$parsed = $this-&gt;parse_orderby( $_orderby );

			if ( ! $parsed ) {
				continue;
			}

			if ( 'nicename__in' === $_orderby || 'login__in' === $_orderby ) {
				$orderby_array[] = $parsed;
			} else {
				$orderby_array[] = $parsed . ' ' . $this-&gt;parse_order( $_order );
			}
		}

		// If no valid clauses were found, order by user_login.
		if ( empty( $orderby_array ) ) {
			$orderby_array[] = &quot;user_login $order&quot;;
		}

		$this-&gt;query_orderby = 'ORDER BY ' . implode( ', ', $orderby_array );

		// Limit.
		if ( isset( $qv['number'] ) &amp;&amp; $qv['number'] &gt; 0 ) {
			if ( $qv['offset'] ) {
				$this-&gt;query_limit = $wpdb-&gt;prepare( 'LIMIT %d, %d', $qv['offset'], $qv['number'] );
			} else {
				$this-&gt;query_limit = $wpdb-&gt;prepare( 'LIMIT %d, %d', $qv['number'] * ( $qv['paged'] - 1 ), $qv['number'] );
			}
		}

		$search = '';
		if ( isset( $qv['search'] ) ) {
			$search = trim( $qv['search'] );
		}

		if ( $search ) {
			$leading_wild  = ( ltrim( $search, '*' ) != $search );
			$trailing_wild = ( rtrim( $search, '*' ) != $search );
			if ( $leading_wild &amp;&amp; $trailing_wild ) {
				$wild = 'both';
			} elseif ( $leading_wild ) {
				$wild = 'leading';
			} elseif ( $trailing_wild ) {
				$wild = 'trailing';
			} else {
				$wild = false;
			}
			if ( $wild ) {
				$search = trim( $search, '*' );
			}

			$search_columns = array();
			if ( $qv['search_columns'] ) {
				$search_columns = array_intersect( $qv['search_columns'], array( 'ID', 'user_login', 'user_email', 'user_url', 'user_nicename', 'display_name' ) );
			}
			if ( ! $search_columns ) {
				if ( false !== strpos( $search, '@' ) ) {
					$search_columns = array( 'user_email' );
				} elseif ( is_numeric( $search ) ) {
					$search_columns = array( 'user_login', 'ID' );
				} elseif ( preg_match( '|^https?://|', $search ) &amp;&amp; ! ( is_multisite() &amp;&amp; wp_is_large_network( 'users' ) ) ) {
					$search_columns = array( 'user_url' );
				} else {
					$search_columns = array( 'user_login', 'user_url', 'user_email', 'user_nicename', 'display_name' );
				}
			}

			/**
			 * Filters the columns to search in a WP_User_Query search.
			 *
			 * The default columns depend on the search term, and include 'ID', 'user_login',
			 * 'user_email', 'user_url', 'user_nicename', and 'display_name'.
			 *
			 * @since 3.6.0
			 *
			 * @param string[]      $search_columns Array of column names to be searched.
			 * @param string        $search         Text being searched.
			 * @param WP_User_Query $query          The current WP_User_Query instance.
			 */
			$search_columns = apply_filters( 'user_search_columns', $search_columns, $search, $this );

			$this-&gt;query_where .= $this-&gt;get_search_sql( $search, $search_columns, $wild );
		}

		if ( ! empty( $include ) ) {
			// Sanitized earlier.
			$ids                = implode( ',', $include );
			$this-&gt;query_where .= &quot; AND $wpdb-&gt;users.ID IN ($ids)&quot;;
		} elseif ( ! empty( $qv['exclude'] ) ) {
			$ids                = implode( ',', wp_parse_id_list( $qv['exclude'] ) );
			$this-&gt;query_where .= &quot; AND $wpdb-&gt;users.ID NOT IN ($ids)&quot;;
		}

		// Date queries are allowed for the user_registered field.
		if ( ! empty( $qv['date_query'] ) &amp;&amp; is_array( $qv['date_query'] ) ) {
			$date_query         = new WP_Date_Query( $qv['date_query'], 'user_registered' );
			$this-&gt;query_where .= $date_query-&gt;get_sql();
		}

		/**
		 * Fires after the WP_User_Query has been parsed, and before
		 * the query is executed.
		 *
		 * The passed WP_User_Query object contains SQL parts formed
		 * from parsing the given query.
		 *
		 * @since 3.1.0
		 *
		 * @param WP_User_Query $query Current instance of WP_User_Query (passed by reference).
		 */
		do_action_ref_array( 'pre_user_query', array( &amp;$this ) );
	}

	/**
	 * Executes the query, with the current variables.
	 *
	 * @since 3.1.0
	 *
	 * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
	 */
	public function query() {
		global $wpdb;

		if ( ! did_action( 'plugins_loaded' ) ) {
			_doing_it_wrong(
				'WP_User_Query::query',
				sprintf(
				/* translators: %s: plugins_loaded */
					__( 'User queries should not be run before the %s hook.' ),
					'&lt;code&gt;plugins_loaded&lt;/code&gt;'
				),
				'6.1.1'
			);
		}

		$qv =&amp; $this-&gt;query_vars;

		/**
		 * Filters the users array before the query takes place.
		 *
		 * Return a non-null value to bypass WordPress' default user queries.
		 *
		 * Filtering functions that require pagination information are encouraged to set
		 * the `total_users` property of the WP_User_Query object, passed to the filter
		 * by reference. If WP_User_Query does not perform a database query, it will not
		 * have enough information to generate these values itself.
		 *
		 * @since 5.1.0
		 *
		 * @param array|null    $results Return an array of user data to short-circuit WP's user query
		 *                               or null to allow WP to run its normal queries.
		 * @param WP_User_Query $query   The WP_User_Query instance (passed by reference).
		 */
		$this-&gt;results = apply_filters_ref_array( 'users_pre_query', array( null, &amp;$this ) );

		if ( null === $this-&gt;results ) {
			$this-&gt;request = &quot;
				SELECT {$this-&gt;query_fields}
				{$this-&gt;query_from}
				{$this-&gt;query_where}
				{$this-&gt;query_orderby}
				{$this-&gt;query_limit}
			&quot;;

			if ( is_array( $qv['fields'] ) ) {
				$this-&gt;results = $wpdb-&gt;get_results( $this-&gt;request );
			} else {
				$this-&gt;results = $wpdb-&gt;get_col( $this-&gt;request );
			}

			if ( isset( $qv['count_total'] ) &amp;&amp; $qv['count_total'] ) {
				/**
				 * Filters SELECT FOUND_ROWS() query for the current WP_User_Query instance.
				 *
				 * @since 3.2.0
				 * @since 5.1.0 Added the `$this` parameter.
				 *
				 * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
				 *
				 * @param string        $sql   The SELECT FOUND_ROWS() query for the current WP_User_Query.
				 * @param WP_User_Query $query The current WP_User_Query instance.
				 */
				$found_users_query = apply_filters( 'found_users_query', 'SELECT FOUND_ROWS()', $this );

				$this-&gt;total_users = (int) $wpdb-&gt;get_var( $found_users_query );
			}
		}

		if ( ! $this-&gt;results ) {
			return;
		}
		if (
			is_array( $qv['fields'] ) &amp;&amp;
			isset( $this-&gt;results[0]-&gt;ID )
		) {
			foreach ( $this-&gt;results as $result ) {
				$result-&gt;id = $result-&gt;ID;
			}
		} elseif ( 'all_with_meta' === $qv['fields'] || 'all' === $qv['fields'] ) {
			if ( function_exists( 'cache_users' ) ) {
				cache_users( $this-&gt;results );
			}

			$r = array();
			foreach ( $this-&gt;results as $userid ) {
				if ( 'all_with_meta' === $qv['fields'] ) {
					$r[ $userid ] = new WP_User( $userid, '', $qv['blog_id'] );
				} else {
					$r[] = new WP_User( $userid, '', $qv['blog_id'] );
				}
			}

			$this-&gt;results = $r;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieves query variable.
	 *
	 * @since 3.5.0
	 *
	 * @param string $query_var Query variable key.
	 * @return mixed
	 */
	public function get( $query_var ) {
		if ( isset( $this-&gt;query_vars[ $query_var ] ) ) {
			return $this-&gt;query_vars[ $query_var ];
		}

		return null;
	}

	/**
	 * Sets query variable.
	 *
	 * @since 3.5.0
	 *
	 * @param string $query_var Query variable key.
	 * @param mixed  $value     Query variable value.
	 */
	public function set( $query_var, $value ) {
		$this-&gt;query_vars[ $query_var ] = $value;
	}

	/**
	 * Used internally to generate an SQL string for searching across multiple columns.
	 *
	 * @since 3.1.0
	 *
	 * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
	 *
	 * @param string   $search  Search string.
	 * @param string[] $columns Array of columns to search.
	 * @param bool     $wild    Whether to allow wildcard searches. Default is false for Network Admin, true for single site.
	 *                          Single site allows leading and trailing wildcards, Network Admin only trailing.
	 * @return string
	 */
	protected function get_search_sql( $search, $columns, $wild = false ) {
		global $wpdb;

		$searches      = array();
		$leading_wild  = ( 'leading' === $wild || 'both' === $wild ) ? '%' : '';
		$trailing_wild = ( 'trailing' === $wild || 'both' === $wild ) ? '%' : '';
		$like          = $leading_wild . $wpdb-&gt;esc_like( $search ) . $trailing_wild;

		foreach ( $columns as $column ) {
			if ( 'ID' === $column ) {
				$searches[] = $wpdb-&gt;prepare( &quot;$column = %s&quot;, $search );
			} else {
				$searches[] = $wpdb-&gt;prepare( &quot;$column LIKE %s&quot;, $like );
			}
		}

		return ' AND (' . implode( ' OR ', $searches ) . ')';
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the list of users.
	 *
	 * @since 3.1.0
	 *
	 * @return array Array of results.
	 */
	public function get_results() {
		return $this-&gt;results;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the total number of users for the current query.
	 *
	 * @since 3.1.0
	 *
	 * @return int Number of total users.
	 */
	public function get_total() {
		return $this-&gt;total_users;
	}

	/**
	 * Parses and sanitizes 'orderby' keys passed to the user query.
	 *
	 * @since 4.2.0
	 *
	 * @global wpdb $wpdb WordPress database abstraction object.
	 *
	 * @param string $orderby Alias for the field to order by.
	 * @return string Value to used in the ORDER clause, if `$orderby` is valid.
	 */
	protected function parse_orderby( $orderby ) {
		global $wpdb;

		$meta_query_clauses = $this-&gt;meta_query-&gt;get_clauses();

		$_orderby = '';
		if ( in_array( $orderby, array( 'login', 'nicename', 'email', 'url', 'registered' ), true ) ) {
			$_orderby = 'user_' . $orderby;
		} elseif ( in_array( $orderby, array( 'user_login', 'user_nicename', 'user_email', 'user_url', 'user_registered' ), true ) ) {
			$_orderby = $orderby;
		} elseif ( 'name' === $orderby || 'display_name' === $orderby ) {
			$_orderby = 'display_name';
		} elseif ( 'post_count' === $orderby ) {
			// @todo Avoid the JOIN.
			$where             = get_posts_by_author_sql( 'post' );
			$this-&gt;query_from .= &quot; LEFT OUTER JOIN (
				SELECT post_author, COUNT(*) as post_count
				FROM $wpdb-&gt;posts
				$where
				GROUP BY post_author
			) p ON ({$wpdb-&gt;users}.ID = p.post_author)
			&quot;;
			$_orderby          = 'post_count';
		} elseif ( 'ID' === $orderby || 'id' === $orderby ) {
			$_orderby = 'ID';
		} elseif ( 'meta_value' === $orderby || $this-&gt;get( 'meta_key' ) == $orderby ) {
			$_orderby = &quot;$wpdb-&gt;usermeta.meta_value&quot;;
		} elseif ( 'meta_value_num' === $orderby ) {
			$_orderby = &quot;$wpdb-&gt;usermeta.meta_value+0&quot;;
		} elseif ( 'include' === $orderby &amp;&amp; ! empty( $this-&gt;query_vars['include'] ) ) {
			$include     = wp_parse_id_list( $this-&gt;query_vars['include'] );
			$include_sql = implode( ',', $include );
			$_orderby    = &quot;FIELD( $wpdb-&gt;users.ID, $include_sql )&quot;;
		} elseif ( 'nicename__in' === $orderby ) {
			$sanitized_nicename__in = array_map( 'esc_sql', $this-&gt;query_vars['nicename__in'] );
			$nicename__in           = implode( &quot;','&quot;, $sanitized_nicename__in );
			$_orderby               = &quot;FIELD( user_nicename, '$nicename__in' )&quot;;
		} elseif ( 'login__in' === $orderby ) {
			$sanitized_login__in = array_map( 'esc_sql', $this-&gt;query_vars['login__in'] );
			$login__in           = implode( &quot;','&quot;, $sanitized_login__in );
			$_orderby            = &quot;FIELD( user_login, '$login__in' )&quot;;
		} elseif ( isset( $meta_query_clauses[ $orderby ] ) ) {
			$meta_clause = $meta_query_clauses[ $orderby ];
			$_orderby    = sprintf( 'CAST(%s.meta_value AS %s)', esc_sql( $meta_clause['alias'] ), esc_sql( $meta_clause['cast'] ) );
		}

		return $_orderby;
	}

	/**
	 * Parses an 'order' query variable and casts it to ASC or DESC as necessary.
	 *
	 * @since 4.2.0
	 *
	 * @param string $order The 'order' query variable.
	 * @return string The sanitized 'order' query variable.
	 */
	protected function parse_order( $order ) {
		if ( ! is_string( $order ) || empty( $order ) ) {
			return 'DESC';
		}

		if ( 'ASC' === strtoupper( $order ) ) {
			return 'ASC';
		} else {
			return 'DESC';
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Makes private properties readable for backward compatibility.
	 *
	 * @since 4.0.0
	 *
	 * @param string $name Property to get.
	 * @return mixed Property.
	 */
	public function __get( $name ) {
		if ( in_array( $name, $this-&gt;compat_fields, true ) ) {
			return $this-&gt;$name;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Makes private properties settable for backward compatibility.
	 *
	 * @since 4.0.0
	 *
	 * @param string $name  Property to check if set.
	 * @param mixed  $value Property value.
	 * @return mixed Newly-set property.
	 */
	public function __set( $name, $value ) {
		if ( in_array( $name, $this-&gt;compat_fields, true ) ) {
			return $this-&gt;$name = $value;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Makes private properties checkable for backward compatibility.
	 *
	 * @since 4.0.0
	 *
	 * @param string $name Property to check if set.
	 * @return bool Whether the property is set.
	 */
	public function __isset( $name ) {
		if ( in_array( $name, $this-&gt;compat_fields, true ) ) {
			return isset( $this-&gt;$name );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Makes private properties un-settable for backward compatibility.
	 *
	 * @since 4.0.0
	 *
	 * @param string $name Property to unset.
	 */
	public function __unset( $name ) {
		if ( in_array( $name, $this-&gt;compat_fields, true ) ) {
			unset( $this-&gt;$name );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Makes private/protected methods readable for backward compatibility.
	 *
	 * @since 4.0.0
	 *
	 * @param string $name      Method to call.
	 * @param array  $arguments Arguments to pass when calling.
	 * @return mixed Return value of the callback, false otherwise.
	 */
	public function __call( $name, $arguments ) {
		if ( 'get_search_sql' === $name ) {
			return $this-&gt;get_search_sql( ...$arguments );
		}
		return false;
	}
}
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